The field of fire or zone of fire ( ZF) of a weapon, or group of weapons, is the area around it that can easily and effectively be reached by projectiles from a given position.
Field of fire
The term originally came from the
field of fire in front of
(and similar defensive positions), cleared so there was no shelter for an approaching enemy.
Sector of fire
A similar term
sector of fire is used to describe the area into which each gunner or group are
allowed to fire. The boundaries are assigned by the commanding officer and thus can be arbitrary, even three-dimensional (a rifleman attacking a building might be assigned a set of windows to target).
Arc of fire
The
arc of fire of a
mounted gun is a horizontal ("traverse") angle range within which the gun (or guns) can be fired. It can be limited by the construction of the
gun mount or obstacles (for example,
superstructure of a ship). If there are no restrictions, the term
all-round arc of fire is sometimes used. Overlapping arcs of fire create a
crossfire.
Cone of fire
The
cone of fire describes a cone-like pattern formed by the projectiles with the gun not being moved. It is mostly used in reference to
. The spread of rounds is due to vibration of the gun, tolerances of the ammunition and weapon, and the gunner's posture. For a typical machine gun, the spread between bullets is proportional to the distance (for example, the width of the cone for M240G is of the distance). The cone of fire makes impact in an elliptical pattern called the
beaten zone.
Danger space
When firing over terrain, any space up to 1.8 m above the ground (the height of an average man) is considered
danger space; that is, within the effects of the rounds. For small arms fire, when the distance to the beaten zone is up to approximately 700 m, on a flat terrain the danger zone is contiguous (the trajectory of the round is never above the height of a man). The area that cannot be seen or aimed at within the gun's range (usually due to the terrain) is referred to as dead space. It is sometimes possible to send projectiles into the dead space using the
indirect fire.
See also
Sources
